Simplified energy storage sizing and selection - Revision history

Alex at 20:24, 1 April 2021

2021-04-01T20:24:07Z

Alex: Marked this version for translation

2021-04-01T19:07:57Z

Marked this version for translation

Alex at 19:07, 1 April 2021

2021-04-01T19:07:39Z

Alex: Text replacement - "[[Series and parallel" to "[[Series and parallel connections"

2021-03-02T06:41:32Z

Text replacement - "[[Series and parallel" to "[[Series and parallel connections"

Alex at 01:19, 20 January 2021

2021-01-20T01:19:07Z

Alex: /* Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value */

2021-01-19T17:38:19Z

Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value

Alex: /* Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value */

2021-01-19T17:36:42Z

Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value

Alex: /* Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value */

2021-01-19T17:34:11Z

Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value

Alex: /* Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value */

2021-01-19T17:32:30Z

Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value

Alex at 17:20, 19 January 2021

2021-01-19T17:20:13Z

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 <!--T:2-->
-The [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] is sized based upon the average daily energy requirements for the system. The preliminary steps of this process output a suggest Ah size for the energy storage system, but then it is necessary to determine a [[Special:MyLanguage/Battery wiring|series and parallel configuration]] based upon the available battery voltages and sizes.
+The [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] is sized based upon the average daily energy requirements for the system. The preliminary steps of this process output a suggested Ah size for the energy storage system, but then it is necessary to determine a [[Special:MyLanguage/Battery wiring|series and parallel configuration]] based upon the available battery voltages and sizes.
 <!--T:3-->
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 <!--T:6-->
-The days of autonomy parameter determines the number of days that the system will be able to meet energy needs without additional charging. 1 day of autonomy provides enough energy storage capacity to provide energy for the loads from the [[Special:MyLanguage/Load evaluation|simplified load evaluation]] for 1 day without any additional charging. Each additional day adds an additional day of energy storage capacity. For example:
+The days of autonomy parameter determines the number of days that the system will be able to meet energy needs without additional charging of any kind. 1 day of autonomy provides enough energy storage capacity to provide energy for the loads from the [[Special:MyLanguage/Load evaluation|simplified load evaluation]] for 1 day without any additional charging. Each additional day of autonomy adds an additional day of energy storage capacity. For example:
 <!--T:7-->
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 <!--T:12-->
-*The days of autonomy value that is chosen will be used to size the [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] to meet energy demand when the battery bank is new, but the storage capacity of the energy storage system will gradually decline over time. Therefore, oversizing a battery bank to take this into account is a good idea.
+*The days of autonomy value that is chosen will be used to size the [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] to meet energy demand when the system is new, but the storage capacity will gradually decline over time. Therefore, oversizing the energy storage system to take this into account is a good idea.
 ====Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value==== <!--T:13-->
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 [[File:Ahchart2101191.png|frameless]]
-====Step 3: Adjust minimum Ah value for temperature==== <!--T:16-->
+====Step 3: Adjust minimum Ah value for the minimum temperature==== <!--T:16-->
 <!--T:17-->
-The minimum Ah value (Step 2) must be adjusted for the minimum temperature that the batteries will reach during operation. The [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery#Temperature|temperature of lead acid batteries]] has a significant effect upon performance. When [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery|lead acid batteries]] reach a temperature below 25°C, their usable capacity begins to decline. This can lead to batteries being deeply discharged and damaged, therefore the size of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] should be adjusted to ensure that there is adequate energy available at the minimum expected indoor temperature for the location. This temperature value is just an estimation that allows the energy storage system to be increased in size to account for lower temperatures.
+The minimum Ah value (Step 2) must be adjusted for the minimum temperature that the batteries will reach during operation. The [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery#Temperature|temperature of lead acid batteries]] has a significant effect upon performance. When [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery|lead acid batteries]] reach a temperature below 25°C, their usable capacity begins to decline. This can lead to batteries being deeply discharged and damaged, therefore the size of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] should be adjusted to ensure that there is adequate energy available at the minimum expected indoor temperature for the location. The temperature correction factor is just an estimation that allows the energy storage system to be increased in size to account for lower temperatures.
-Correction factors for various battery types:<ref name="trojancorrectionfactors"> Trojan Battery Company - Battery Sizing Guidelines https://www.trojanbattery.com/pdf/TRJN0168_BattSizeGuideFL.pdf</ref>
+Temperature correction factors for various battery types at varying temperatures:<ref name="trojancorrectionfactors"> Trojan Battery Company - Battery Sizing Guidelines https://www.trojanbattery.com/pdf/TRJN0168_BattSizeGuideFL.pdf</ref>
 <!--T:18-->

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 <languages />
 <translate>
 [[File:Energystorageprocess2011132.png|thumb|right|A flowchart depicting the primary inputs and outputs of the energy storage sizing and selection process.]]
 The [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] is sized based upon the average daily energy requirements for the system. The preliminary steps of this process output a suggest Ah size for the energy storage system, but then it is necessary to determine a [[Special:MyLanguage/Battery wiring|series and parallel configuration]] based upon the available battery voltages and sizes.
 '''Assumptions:'''
 *Lead acid batteries are used.
 *Batteries will be discharged to 50% depth of dischrage.
 <br />
-====Step 1: Determine days of autonomy parameter====
+====Step 1: Determine days of autonomy parameter==== <!--T:5-->
 The days of autonomy parameter determines the number of days that the system will be able to meet energy needs without additional charging. 1 day of autonomy provides enough energy storage capacity to provide energy for the loads from the [[Special:MyLanguage/Load evaluation|simplified load evaluation]] for 1 day without any additional charging. Each additional day adds an additional day of energy storage capacity. For example:
 *205 Ah lead acid battery x 1 day of autonomy = 205 Ah
 *205 Ah lead acid battery x 2 days of autonomy = 410 Ah
 *205 Ah lead acid battery x 3 days of autonomy = 615 Ah
 The value that is chosen for this parameter depends largely upon the variability of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Simplified weather and solar resource evaluation|solar resource]], the intended use of the system, and the budget. It is almost always preferable to have additional storage, therefore budget often becomes the primary constraint. There are various considerations that go into determining the value that is appropriate for a particular design:
 *If a system is intended for a location where the [[Special:MyLanguage/Simplified weather and solar resource evaluation|weather or solar resource]] is highly variable, the value for days of autonomy should be increased.
 *If a system is intended to provide power at a location where the users will adjust their energy consumption according to the weather or that is used infrequently, fewer days of autonomy can be built into the system. A value of 2 days of autonomy may be appropriate in these cases as long as there is a sufficiently sized [[Special:MyLanguage/PV module|PV source]] or an additional form of generation.
 *If a system is intended to provide power at a location that must operate continually, like at a health clinic, it is recommended that a significant number of days of autonomy are built into the system or that an additional form of generation, like a generator, is added to the system. An energy storage system with 5-7 days of autonomy for a health clinic will often be quite substantial in size, difficult to charge properly, and costly. Therefore, a backup generator should be considered in this case.
 *The days of autonomy value that is chosen will be used to size the [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] to meet energy demand when the battery bank is new, but the storage capacity of the energy storage system will gradually decline over time. Therefore, oversizing a battery bank to take this into account is a good idea.
-====Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value====
+====Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value==== <!--T:13-->
 Using the chart below, find the minimum recommended Ah value based upon the [[Special:MyLanguage/DC system voltage|DC system voltage]] and the [[Special:MyLanguage/Simplified load evaluation|Total daily watt-hours required]].  Cells highlighted in red are not recommended configurations - a higher or lower [[Special:MyLanguage/DC system voltage|DC system voltage]] should be used. Cells highlighted in yellow situations are questionable configurations - a higher or lower [[Special:MyLanguage/DC system voltage|DC system voltage]] should be considered. These recommendations are based upon commonly available battery sizes, equipment availability, and the best practice of using a low number of parallel battery circuits (a maximum of 3 is recommended). <br />
 [[File:Ahchart2101191.png|frameless]]
-====Step 3: Adjust minimum Ah value for temperature====
+====Step 3: Adjust minimum Ah value for temperature==== <!--T:16-->
 The minimum Ah value (Step 2) must be adjusted for the minimum temperature that the batteries will reach during operation. The [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery#Temperature|temperature of lead acid batteries]] has a significant effect upon performance. When [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery|lead acid batteries]] reach a temperature below 25°C, their usable capacity begins to decline. This can lead to batteries being deeply discharged and damaged, therefore the size of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] should be adjusted to ensure that there is adequate energy available at the minimum expected indoor temperature for the location. This temperature value is just an estimation that allows the energy storage system to be increased in size to account for lower temperatures.
 Correction factors for various battery types:<ref name="trojancorrectionfactors"> Trojan Battery Company - Battery Sizing Guidelines https://www.trojanbattery.com/pdf/TRJN0168_BattSizeGuideFL.pdf</ref>
 {| class="wikitable" border=1
 !Temperature
@@ Line 88: / Line 103: @@
 |}
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Temperature adjusted minimum Ah required
@@ Line 93: / Line 109: @@
 |}
-====Step 4: Determine battery voltage, Ah rating and wiring configuration====
+====Step 4: Determine battery voltage, Ah rating and wiring configuration==== <!--T:20-->
 Choose a battery based upon what is available in the market to proceed with the design. Lead acid batteries are commonly available in 2V, 4V, 6V, 12V designs that can be wired in [[Special:MyLanguage/Series and parallel connections|series]] to achieve a 12V, 24V, or 48V system voltage. See [[Special:MyLanguage/Battery wiring|Battery wiring]] for more information on how to properly configure a battery bank. With small systems 12V batteries are the standard, but as system size increases lower battery voltages lead to more storage with fewer parallel strings, which is a better design. Deep cycle batteries with voltages below 12V can be difficult to find in some locations.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Batteries in series
@@ Line 102: / Line 120: @@
 |}
 Lead acid batteries are available in a variety of Ah ratings. They can be wired in [[Special:MyLanguage/Series and parallel connections|parallel]] to achieve the desired total Ah of storage for the system. The result of this calculation should be rounded up, meaning that if the number of parallel strings is more than 1, then 2 parallel strings are required. The other option would be to use a battery with a higher Ah rating.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Number of parallel battery circuits
@@ Line 109: / Line 129: @@
 |}
-====Step 5: Calculate final Ah capacity====
+====Step 5: Calculate final Ah capacity==== <!--T:25-->
 The final Ah capacity of the battery bank is the chosen battery Ah rating multiplied by the number of parallel strings. This value is important for other calculations in the design process.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Final Ah capacity
@@ Line 118: / Line 140: @@
 |}
-==Notes/references==
+==Notes/references== <!--T:28-->
 <references/>
 </translate>

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category:Simplified system design]]
 [[File:Energystorageprocess2011132.png|thumb|right|A flowchart depicting the primary inputs and outputs of the energy storage sizing and selection process.]]
 The [[Energy storage|energy storage system]] is sized based upon the average daily energy requirements for the system. The preliminary steps of this process output a suggest Ah size for the energy storage system, but then it is necessary to determine a [[Battery wiring|series and parallel configuration]] based upon the available battery voltages and sizes.
 '''Assumptions:'''
 *Lead acid batteries are used.
 *Batteries will be discharged to 50% depth of dischrage.
@@ Line 10: / Line 14: @@
 ====Step 1: Determine days of autonomy parameter====
-The days of autonomy parameter determines the number of days that the system will be able to meet energy needs without additional charging. 1 day of autonomy provides enough energy storage capacity to provide energy for the loads from the [[Load evaluation|simplified load evaluation]] for 1 day without any additional charging. Each additional day adds an additional day of energy storage capacity. For example:
+The days of autonomy parameter determines the number of days that the system will be able to meet energy needs without additional charging. 1 day of autonomy provides enough energy storage capacity to provide energy for the loads from the [[Special:MyLanguage/Load evaluation|simplified load evaluation]] for 1 day without any additional charging. Each additional day adds an additional day of energy storage capacity. For example:
 *205 Ah lead acid battery x 1 day of autonomy = 205 Ah
@@ Line 16: / Line 20: @@
 *205 Ah lead acid battery x 3 days of autonomy = 615 Ah
-The value that is chosen for this parameter depends largely upon the variability of the [[Simplified weather and solar resource evaluation|solar resource]], the intended use of the system, and the budget. It is almost always preferable to have additional storage, therefore budget often becomes the primary constraint. There are various considerations that go into determining the value that is appropriate for a particular design:
+The value that is chosen for this parameter depends largely upon the variability of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Simplified weather and solar resource evaluation|solar resource]], the intended use of the system, and the budget. It is almost always preferable to have additional storage, therefore budget often becomes the primary constraint. There are various considerations that go into determining the value that is appropriate for a particular design:
 *If a system is intended for a location where the [[Simplified weather and solar resource evaluation|weather or solar resource]] is highly variable, the value for days of autonomy should be increased.
-*If a system is intended to provide power at a location where the users will adjust their energy consumption according to the weather or that is used infrequently, fewer days of autonomy can be built into the system. A value of 2 days of autonomy may be appropriate in these cases as long as there is a sufficiently sized [[PV module|PV source]] or an additional form of generation.
+*If a system is intended for a location where the [[Special:MyLanguage/Simplified weather and solar resource evaluation|weather or solar resource]] is highly variable, the value for days of autonomy should be increased.
 *If a system is intended to provide power at a location that must operate continually, like at a health clinic, it is recommended that a significant number of days of autonomy are built into the system or that an additional form of generation, like a generator, is added to the system. An energy storage system with 5-7 days of autonomy for a health clinic will often be quite substantial in size, difficult to charge properly, and costly. Therefore, a backup generator should be considered in this case.
 *The days of autonomy value that is chosen will be used to size the [[Energy storage|energy storage system]] to meet energy demand when the battery bank is new, but the storage capacity of the energy storage system will gradually decline over time. Therefore, oversizing a battery bank to take this into account is a good idea.
 ====Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value====
 Using the chart below, find the minimum recommended Ah value based upon the [[DC system voltage]] and the [[Simplified load evaluation|Total daily watt-hours required]].  Cells highlighted in red are not recommended configurations - a higher or lower [[DC system voltage]] should be used. Cells highlighted in yellow situations are questionable configurations - a higher or lower [[DC system voltage]] should be considered. These recommendations are based upon commonly available battery sizes, equipment availability, and the best practice of using a low number of parallel battery circuits (a maximum of 3 is recommended). <br />
 [[File:Ahchart2101191.png|frameless]]
 ====Step 3: Adjust minimum Ah value for temperature====
-The minimum Ah value (Step 2) must be adjusted for the minimum temperature that the batteries will reach during operation. The [[Lead acid battery#Temperature|temperature of lead acid batteries]] has a significant effect upon performance. When [[Lead acid battery|lead acid batteries]] reach a temperature below 25°C, their usable capacity begins to decline. This can lead to batteries being deeply discharged and damaged, therefore the size of the [[Energy storage|energy storage system]] should be adjusted to ensure that there is adequate energy available at the minimum expected indoor temperature for the location. This temperature value is just an estimation that allows the energy storage system to be increased in size to account for lower temperatures.
+The minimum Ah value (Step 2) must be adjusted for the minimum temperature that the batteries will reach during operation. The [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery#Temperature|temperature of lead acid batteries]] has a significant effect upon performance. When [[Special:MyLanguage/Lead acid battery|lead acid batteries]] reach a temperature below 25°C, their usable capacity begins to decline. This can lead to batteries being deeply discharged and damaged, therefore the size of the [[Special:MyLanguage/Energy storage|energy storage system]] should be adjusted to ensure that there is adequate energy available at the minimum expected indoor temperature for the location. This temperature value is just an estimation that allows the energy storage system to be increased in size to account for lower temperatures.
 Correction factors for various battery types:<ref name="trojancorrectionfactors"> Trojan Battery Company - Battery Sizing Guidelines https://www.trojanbattery.com/pdf/TRJN0168_BattSizeGuideFL.pdf</ref>
@@ Line 85: / Line 95: @@
 ====Step 4: Determine battery voltage, Ah rating and wiring configuration====
-Choose a battery based upon what is available in the market to proceed with the design. Lead acid batteries are commonly available in 2V, 4V, 6V, 12V designs that can be wired in [[Series and parallel connections|series]] to achieve a 12V, 24V, or 48V system voltage. See [[Battery wiring]] for more information on how to properly configure a battery bank. With small systems 12V batteries are the standard, but as system size increases lower battery voltages lead to more storage with fewer parallel strings, which is a better design. Deep cycle batteries with voltages below 12V can be difficult to find in some locations.
+Choose a battery based upon what is available in the market to proceed with the design. Lead acid batteries are commonly available in 2V, 4V, 6V, 12V designs that can be wired in [[Special:MyLanguage/Series and parallel connections|series]] to achieve a 12V, 24V, or 48V system voltage. See [[Special:MyLanguage/Battery wiring|Battery wiring]] for more information on how to properly configure a battery bank. With small systems 12V batteries are the standard, but as system size increases lower battery voltages lead to more storage with fewer parallel strings, which is a better design. Deep cycle batteries with voltages below 12V can be difficult to find in some locations.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Batteries in series
-! style="text-align:left;"| = [[DC system voltage]] ÷ Chosen battery voltage
+! style="text-align:left;"| = [[Special:MyLanguage/DC system voltage|DC system voltage]] ÷ Chosen battery voltage
 |}
-Lead acid batteries are available in a variety of Ah ratings. They can be wired in [[Series and parallel connections|parallel]] to achieve the desired total Ah of storage for the system. The result of this calculation should be rounded up, meaning that if the number of parallel strings is more than 1, then 2 parallel strings are required. The other option would be to use a battery with a higher Ah rating.
+Lead acid batteries are available in a variety of Ah ratings. They can be wired in [[Special:MyLanguage/Series and parallel connections|parallel]] to achieve the desired total Ah of storage for the system. The result of this calculation should be rounded up, meaning that if the number of parallel strings is more than 1, then 2 parallel strings are required. The other option would be to use a battery with a higher Ah rating.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Number of parallel battery circuits
@@ Line 101: / Line 112: @@
 The final Ah capacity of the battery bank is the chosen battery Ah rating multiplied by the number of parallel strings. This value is important for other calculations in the design process.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Final Ah capacity
@@ Line 108: / Line 120: @@
 ==Notes/references==
 <references/>

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ====Step 4: Determine battery voltage, Ah rating and wiring configuration====
-Choose a battery based upon what is available in the market to proceed with the design. Lead acid batteries are commonly available in 2V, 4V, 6V, 12V designs that can be wired in [[Series and parallel|series]] to achieve a 12V, 24V, or 48V system voltage. See [[Battery wiring]] for more information on how to properly configure a battery bank. With small systems 12V batteries are the standard, but as system size increases lower battery voltages lead to more storage with fewer parallel strings, which is a better design. Deep cycle batteries with voltages below 12V can be difficult to find in some locations.
+Choose a battery based upon what is available in the market to proceed with the design. Lead acid batteries are commonly available in 2V, 4V, 6V, 12V designs that can be wired in [[Series and parallel connections|series]] to achieve a 12V, 24V, or 48V system voltage. See [[Battery wiring]] for more information on how to properly configure a battery bank. With small systems 12V batteries are the standard, but as system size increases lower battery voltages lead to more storage with fewer parallel strings, which is a better design. Deep cycle batteries with voltages below 12V can be difficult to find in some locations.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 |}
-Lead acid batteries are available in a variety of Ah ratings. They can be wired in [[Series and parallel|parallel]] to achieve the desired total Ah of storage for the system. The result of this calculation should be rounded up, meaning that if the number of parallel strings is more than 1, then 2 parallel strings are required. The other option would be to use a battery with a higher Ah rating.
+Lead acid batteries are available in a variety of Ah ratings. They can be wired in [[Series and parallel connections|parallel]] to achieve the desired total Ah of storage for the system. The result of this calculation should be rounded up, meaning that if the number of parallel strings is more than 1, then 2 parallel strings are required. The other option would be to use a battery with a higher Ah rating.
 {| class="wikitable" border=1 style="width: 80%;"
 ! style="width: 20%"|Number of parallel battery circuits

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 *Lead acid batteries are used.
 *Batteries will be discharged to 50% depth of dischrage.
 ====Step 1: Determine days of autonomy parameter====

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ====Step 2: Determine minimum Ah value====
-Using the chart below, find the minimum recommended Ah value based upon the [[DC system voltage]] and the [[Simplified load evaluation|Total average daily energy demand]].  Cells highlighted in red are not recommended configurations - a higher or lower [[DC system voltage]] should be used. Cells highlighted in yellow situations are questionable configurations - a higher or lower [[DC system voltage]] should be considered. These recommendations are based upon commonly available battery sizes, equipment availability, and the best practice of using a low number of parallel battery circuits (a maximum of 3 is recommended). <br />
+Using the chart below, find the minimum recommended Ah value based upon the [[DC system voltage]] and the [[Simplified load evaluation|Total daily watt-hours required]].  Cells highlighted in red are not recommended configurations - a higher or lower [[DC system voltage]] should be used. Cells highlighted in yellow situations are questionable configurations - a higher or lower [[DC system voltage]] should be considered. These recommendations are based upon commonly available battery sizes, equipment availability, and the best practice of using a low number of parallel battery circuits (a maximum of 3 is recommended). <br />
 [[File:Ahchart210119.png|frameless]]